Dealing with EOT and LD Claims in Nutshell

The common belief is that time extension (EOT) provisions are for the benefit of the contractor and liquidated damages (LD) for the benefit of the client. However, a closer look at these provisions suggests that this belief is not only wrong but promotes the reverse of true intensions. LD is an early calculation of the expected loss under the contract whereas penal damages are to treat the contractor in a punitive sense beyond the actual loss. Even if two parties genuinely and without coercion wish to consent to a contract which includes a penal clause, they are unable to, in strict legal terms, subject to however that in some cases, courts uphold the application of contractual provisions. LD should be a genuine estimate of the likely loss provided the true intension is to persuade timely completion. If the intention is to counter slow progress, then there is a separate provision in the contract where the engineer calls for recovery plan that is technically feasible, becau se it is not that easy to reverse penalty.

The primary idea of including an EOT provision is to preserve the contractors obligation to complete within a specified time and in doing so to prevent the clients right to LD when by his acts, the client has delayed the contractor and is responsible in part for late completion. The fact that the contractor is the obvious recipient of benefit in gaining relief from LD is a secondary outcome. In fact, in the absence of EOT provisions, a contractor would be able to successfully contest the LD provisions when the client contributes to delays. All what client gets out of LD provisions is the relief on the burden of proving his loss and the right to deduct LD from sums due to the contractor. To the extent that the clients true losses may be greater than the stipulated level for LD the client is disadvantaged by agreeing to a restrictive remedy. On the other hand, LD provisions are beneficial to contractors for they not onl y limit their liability for late completion to the sums stipulated, but they know in advance the extent of risk in late completion. If such provisions are not in place, the contractor would be able to claim time at large and the contractors obligation would be to complete within a reasonable time presumably that the clause 14 program is the basis in order to be consistent with the bargain which both parties entered into. Accordingly if the employer carries out some act that prevents the contractor completing the works by the date for completion, for example failing to give possession of the site on due date, then he can no longer insist that the contractor finishes his works by the stipulated date for completion. This principle has been established in the case of Holme vs Guppy far back in 1838.

It was also noted in Biltoin vs GLC (1982) that the main contractor is bound to complete the work by the date for completion stated in the contract if he fails to do s o; he will be liable for LD to the client, subject to exception that the client is not entitled to LD if by his acts or omissions he has prevented the main contractor from completing his work by the completion date. On the other hand, if the contractor intends to avoid LD by showing his entitlement for EOT, he must produce evidence to prove that; his program at the time was realistic and he could have achieved targets, he was achieving the preplanned rate of progress, a delaying event occurred, cause of the delay gives a EOT entitlement under the contract, delaying event affected the rate of progress of relevant activities, and the effect to such activities has affected the completion date indeed a chain in the burden of proof for any typical claim.

On the other hand, the Employer does not need to prove actual damages but LDs are not usually enforceable if imposed as a penalty. Two cases, Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd v New Garage and Motor Co. Ltd (1914-15) and Philips HK Ltd v The Attorney General of HK (1993), provide some guidelines for distinguishing between LD and a penalty. In short, it is a penalty if the sum is excessive in amount in comparison with the greatest loss conceivably followed from the breach. Accordingly, a party can challenge the validity of a LDs sum after the contract has been signed. However, McAlphine vs Tilebox emphasis that a court will be slow to interfere with a LD clause negotiated at arms length between commercial parties. In particular, the court will not be impressed by arguments that the actual loss suffered is less than the estimated damages, unless the discrepancy is so large that it demonstrates that the sum could not have been a genuine pre-estimate of the likely loss. LD based on sensible criteria is unlikely to be unenforesseable as a penalty, therefore.

However, Penalty and LD has no difference in some countries where clients impose penalty subject to a ceiling limit, without fear of being contested in courts. Although the contractors exposure to penalty starts only when he fails to achieve scheduled completion, there are notable exceptions. Levying penalty starts according to a schedule of eventualities qualified already in the contract. These may be for instance in a road project when the contractor delayed in commencing some designated trench work or even a section of asphalt work. There are cases where penalty is applicable in delay in either commencement or in completion of almost all the individual activities, shown in the bar schedule. A delay due to submission of a traffic management plan would even be a case for penalty in addition to usual delay in completion of whole of works, to the extent where the engineer has been given discretion to consider further penalty if he deems required. However this discretion has no legal effect, so is a dummy clause that is non-enforceable when the other eventualities meet the ceiling limit. Contracts with full of penalty events keep the contractor in a very inflexible setting that restricts him in managing the project, definitely upsets the contractors technical movements freely within the project and tilts the even risk apportionment in the contract.

Any subsequent improvement in the progress to catch up delays is not a matter to waive off penalty, and in fact is a contractors obligation under the clause, Rate of Progress. However, a request to reverse penalty already imposed on the contract can not be based on good conduct which is immeasurable and is a pure subjective opinion as the Engineer on what truly happened on the project. But they are not reasons valid enough to reverse penalty as such. In fact, there is no discretion confe rred on the Engineer under the contract to reconsider penalty even in cases where the engineer deems desirable. There is no mechanism for penalty reversal, expressly or impliedly, given in the contract also.

Where the engineer issues a variation after the contract completion date but before practical completion, it is appropriate where resultant delays occur for an EOT to be granted. Such EOT will be calculated by extending the completion date by the net period of delay. In Balfour Beatty Building Ltd. v Chestermount Properties Ltd., it was held that gross period up to the time when the varied work had been completed was not the correct measure of the EOT but the period of delay is to be added to the contract period or the extended contract period as the case may be while a variation issued during a period of culpable delay would not render time at large. This is fair by one way because it avoids excusing the contractor from his own delays during the period un der LD or penalty. However, where the contract stipulates that time is of essence, failure to meet the particular date is a fundamental breach of contract entitling the other party to treat the contract as repudiated and claim damages. Time is rarely of the essence in a construction contract because the effect of such a provision is that if the building is not completed on a certain date then the employer does not want the building at all and will treat the contract as repudiated, which is not the reality.

It is always upto the contractor to justify his basis and quantum of entitlement with the contemporary records in support so that the Consultant shall revisit the entire issue and establish his verified final opinion on the net resultant impact on the scheduled completion in line with the contract principles after taking all the circumstances into detail consideration. It is illogical to consider payment on time-related preliminary items as it would not real istically give a fair entitlement since the basis of reimbursement might change from case to case depending on the causes of delay and their impact. For instance, an initial delay in the commencement itself due to employers fault or his request would shift the whole schedule towards a definitive period so that the contractor shall be compensated on pro rata basis on time related preliminary activities.

Any assessment shall be based on the details made available in submissions subject to an extra opportunity to justify his claim for the cost on prolongation if any with the contemporary records in support so that the engineer is able to review and confirm the eligibility and quantum of claim. Also, when a milestone completion is absent under the contract, (being a patent defect) and the contractor becomes eligible for extension, the engineer has no option but to grant the contractor a period of extension to the contract as a whole. This is no longer sensible as it unduly benefits the contractor for time extension for the entire contract even on an excusable delay at any single location and penalizes him on delay in completion of work at any single location despite of timely completion in other locations. The contract should specifically provide for milestones and such a requirement shall be stated under conditions. If the intention of the contract is to complete in milestones, it is essential that the contract document expressly provides for it, as it is entirely a different contractual machinery, where the certificates of completion by milestones are issued in respect of works that have been taken over by the employer for his beneficial use and accordingly the insurance, defects liability, penalty etc will take effect.

iAutoblog the premier autoblogger software

Anna Akhmatova

Early life

Anna Akhmatova in 1914

Akhmatova was born at Bolshoy Fontan in Odessa to Andrey Antonovich Gorenko and Inna Erazmovna Stogova. Her childhood does not appear to have been happy; her parents separated in 1905. She was educated in Tsarskoe Selo (where she first met her future husband, Nikolay Gumilyov) and in Kiev. Anna started writing poetry at the age of 11, inspired by her favourite poets: Racine, Pushkin, and Baratynsky. As her father did not want to see any verses printed under his "respectable" name, she chose to adopt the surname of her Tatar grandmother as a pseudonym. Many of the male Russian poets of the time declared their love for Akhmatova; she reciprocated the attentions of Osip Mandelstam, whose wife, Nadezhda Mandelstam, would eventually forgive Akhmatova in her autobiography, Hope Against Hope.

In 1910, she married the poet, Nikolay Gumilyov, who very soon left her for lion hunting in Africa, the battlefields of World War I, and the society of Parisian grisettes. Her husband did not take her poems seriously, and was shocked when Alexander Blok declared to him that he preferred her poems to his. Their son, Lev, born in 1912, was to become a famous Neo-Eurasianist historian.

Silver Age

Anna Akhmatova with her husband Nikolay Gumilev and son, Lev Gumilev, 1914

In 1912, she published her first collection, entitled Evening. It contained brief, psychologically taut pieces which English readers may find distantly reminiscent of Robert Browning and Thomas Hardy. They were acclaimed for their classical diction, telling details, and the skilful use of colour.

By the time her second collection, The Rosary, appeared in 1914, there were thousands of women composing poems "in honour of Akhmatova." Her early poems usually picture a man and a woma n involved in the most poignant, ambiguous moment of their relationship. Such pieces were much imitated and later parodied by Nabokov and others. Akhmatova was prompted to exclaim: "I taught our women how to speak, but don't know how to make them silent".

Together with her husband, Akhmatova enjoyed a high reputation in the circle of Acmeist poets. Her aristocratic manners and artistic integrity won her the titles "Queen of the Neva" and "Soul of the Silver Age," as the period came to be known in the history of Russian poetry. Many decades later, she would recall this blessed time of her life in the longest of her works, "Poem Without a Hero" (194065), inspired by Pushkin's Eugene Onegin.

Saint Anne Mosaic, Marian Year 1954, by Boris Anrep

Mosaics in Ireland and England

Following the breakup of her marriage, Akhmatova had an affair with the mosaic artist and poet Bori s Anrep (1883 - 1969) during World War I; at least 34 of her poems are about him. He in turn created mosaics in which she features. In the Cathedral of Christ the King Mullingar, Anrep mosaic of Saint Anne is spelt Anna. Additionally, the saint image bears an uncanny resemblance to that of Akhmatova in her mid-20s.

Anrep also depicted Akhmatova in a mosaic entitled Compassion, located in the National Gallery in London.

The accursed years

Nikolay Gumilyov was prosecuted in 1921 and subsequently executed for activities considered anti-Soviet; Akhmatova then married a prominent Assyriologist Vladimir Shilejko; at the same time she began affairs with the composer Arthur Louri, who set many of her poems to music, and the theatre director Mikhail Zimmerman. She then married an art scholar, Nikolay Punin, who died in the Stalinist Gulag camps. After that, she spurned several proposals from the married poet, Boris Pasternak.

After 1922, Akhmatova was condemned as a bourgeois element[citation needed] and was rarely published between 1923 and 1930. She earned her living by translating Leopardi and publishing essays, including some brilliant essays on Pushkin, in scholarly periodicals. All of her friends either emigrated or were repressed.

Only a few people in the West suspected that she was still alive, when she came out with a collection of new poems in 1940. During World War II, when she witnessed the nightmare of the 900-Day Siege, her patriotic poems found their way to the front pages of Pravda. After Akhmatova returned to Leningrad following the Central Asian evacuation in 1944, she was distressed by "a terrible ghost that pretended to be my city."

Upon learning about Isaiah Berlin's visit to Akhmatova in 1946, Stalin's associate in charge of culture, Andrei Zhdanov, publicly labelled her "half harlot, half nun", had her poems banned from publication in the journals Zvezda and Leningrad. Her son spent his youth in Stalinist gulags, and she even resorted to publishing several poems in praise of Stalin to secure his release. Their relations remained strained, however.

Although officially stifled, Akhmatova's work continued to circulate in samizdat form and even by word of mouth, as she became a symbol of suppressed Russian heritage.

The thaw

After Stalin's death, Akhmatova's preeminence among Russian poets was grudgingly conceded, even by party officials, and a censored edition of her work was published; conspicuously absent was Requiem, which Isaiah Berlin had predicted in 1946 would never be published in the Soviet Union. Her later pieces, composed in neoclassical rhyme and mood, seem to be the voice of many she has outlived. Her dacha in Komarovo was frequented by Joseph Brodsky and other young poets, who continued Akhmatova's traditions of Saint Petersburg poetry into the 21st century.

In honor of her 75th birthday in 1964, special observances were held and new collections of her verse were published.

Akhmatova got a chance to meet some of her pre-revolutionary acquaintances in 1965, when she was allowed to travel to Sicily and England, in order to receive the Taormina prize and an honorary doctoral degree from Oxford University (she was accompanied by her life-long friend and secretary Lydia Chukovskaya). In 1962, her dacha was visited by Robert Frost. In 1968, a two volume collection of Akhmatova's prose and poetry was published by Inter-Language Literary Associates of West Germany.

Monument to Anna Akhmatova in Saint Petersburg near Kresty Prison

Akhmatova died at the age of 76 in Moscow. She was interred at Komarovo Cemetery.

Akhmatova's reputation continued to grow after her death, and it was in the year of her centenary that one of the greatest poetic monuments of the 20th century, Akhmatova's Requiem, was finally published in her homeland.

There is a museum devoted to Akhmatova at the apartment where she lived with Nikolai Punin at the garden wing of the Fountain House (more properly known as the Sheremetev Palace) on the Fontanka Embankment, where Akhmatova lived fro m the mid 1920s until 1952.

A minor planet 3067 Akhmatova discovered by Soviet astronomers Lyudmila Karachkina and Lyudmila Zhuravlyova in 1982 is named after her.

Works

Poetry

Anna Akhmatova: Poems (1983)

Anno Domini MCMXXI (1922) - rus

Evening (1912) - rus

Plantain (1921) - rus

Poems of Akhmatova (1967)

Poems of Akhmatova (1983) (trans. Lyn Coffin)

Rosary (1914)

Selected Poems (1976)

Selected Poems (1989)

The Complete Poems of Anna Akhmatova (1990)

Twenty Poems of Anna Akhmatova (1985)

White Flock (1914)

Anna Akhmatova's Grave in Komarovo (photo b y Aleksandr E. Bravo)

Examples of poetry

Grey-Eyed King (1910)

Hail to thee, o inconsolate pain!

The young grey-eyed king has been yesterday slain.

That autumn evening was stuffy and red.

My husband, returning, had quietly said,

"He'd left for his hunting; they carried him home;

They found him under the old oak's dome.

I pity his queen. He, so young, passed away!...

And overnight all her black hair turned grey."

He picked up his pipe from the fireplace shelf,

And went off to work in the night by himself.

So now my daughter I will wake and rise --

And I will look in her little grey eyes...

And murmuring poplars outside will be heard:

Your king is no longer here on this earth.

Song of the Very Last Meeting (1911)

My chest grew helplessly cold, But my feet were light and deft, I pulled a glove on my right hand- The one that was meant for my left.

It seemed the steps were many, But I knew - there were only three! Amid maples, autumn's whisper Pled softly: "Die with me!

My fate so fickle and evil- Has coldly betray me anew." I answered,"My dearest,my darling Mine too.I will die with you"

The song of the very last meeting. I glanced at the darkened home. In the bedroom the candled were burning With an indifferent, yellowish glow.

My Way (1940)

One goes in straightforward ways,

One in a circle roams:

Waits for a girl of his gone days,

Or for returning home.

But I do go nd woe is there

By a way nor straight, nor broad,

But into never and nowhere,

Like trains ff the railroad.

Courage (1942)

We know what trembles on the scales,

and what we must steel ourselves to face.

The bravest hour strikes on our clocks:

may courage not abandon us!

Let bullets kill use are not afraid,

nor are we bitter, though our housetops fall.

We will preserve you, Russian speech,

from servitude in foreign chains,

keep you alive, great Russian word,

fit for th e songs of our children's children,

pure on their tongues, and free.

References

^ Anderson, Nancy K.; Anna Andreevna Akhmatova (2004). The word that causes death's defeat. Yale University Press.

^ a b c d James, Clive. "Anna Akhmatova Assessed". Clive's Lives. Slate.com. http://www.slate.com/id/2159089/.

^ In na Achmatova and Mullingar Connection - broadcast on RT 4th May 2008, the poet Joseph Woods recounts the story of the mosaics. Relevant section begins at timestamp 4043.

^ For English-language commentary on the relationship between Akhmatova and Anrep, please see Wendy Rosslyn, "A propos of Anna Akhmatova: Boris Vasilyevich Anrep (1883 - 1969)," New Zealand Slavonic Journal 1 (1980): 25 - 34.

^ Elaine Feinstein, Anna of All the Russias: The Life of Anna Akhmatova (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2005), p. 83.

^ N. N. (Nikolai Nikolaevich) Punin Diaries

^ Harrison E. Salisbury, "Soviet" section of "Literature" article, page 502, Britannica Book of the Year 1965 (covering events of 1964), published by The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1965

^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). Berlin; New York: Springer. p.253. ISBN 3540002383. http://books.google.com/books?id=KWrB1jPCa8AC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ru&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad;&pg;=PA253.

^ http://max.mmlc.northwestern.edu/~mdenner/Demo/texts/gray_eyed.html

Bibliography

Feinstein, Elaine. Anna of all the Russias: A life of Anna Akhmatova. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005 (ISBN 0-297-64309-6); N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006 (ISBN 1-4000-4089-2).

Poem Without a Hero & Selected Poems, trans. Lenore Mayhew and William McNaughton (Oberlin College Press, 1989), ISBN 0-932440-51-7

Reeder, Roberta. Anna Akhmatova: Poet and Prophet. New York: Picador, 1994 (ISBN 0-312-13429-0).

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Anna Akhmatova

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anna Akhmatova

Anna Akhmatova by John Simon

Site for documentary - Film About Anna Akhmatova by Helga Landauer and Anatoly Naiman

Russian and English text side by side, translated by Andrey Kneller

Anna Akhmatova at the Wikilivres

Akhmatova website with biography, video

(four translations)

The Obverse of Stalinism: Akhmatova's self-serving charisma of s elflessness by Alexander Zholkovsky

Akhmatova: brief biography, Requiem, links

Anna Achmatowa - Works in Russian, German and English at the eLibrary Projekt (eLib)

English and Russian text of "Requiem," translated by Lyn Coffin

English translations of Lot's Wife, Three Periods of Memory and "They're not my kin who left the land..."

English translations of Clenched My Hands..., Grey Eyed King, My Guest, You amuse me... and December 9th, 1913

Akhmatova on Gardens of the Righteous Worldwide Committee - Gariwo

vde

People from Russia

Leaders (before 1168 11681917 19171991 1991resent)

Prime Ministers Foreign Ministers Field Marshals Metropolitans and Patriarchs

Architects Artists Ballet d ancers Composers Cosmonauts Explorers

Inventors Novelists Opera singers Philosophers Playwrights Poets

Categories: 1889 births | 1966 deaths | Eastern Orthodox victims of Soviet repressions | Russian poets | Russian World War I poets | Russian-language poets | Soviet poets | Victims of Soviet repressions | Russian women writers | Eastern Orthodox Christians from Russia | Russian Orthodox Christians | People from Odessa | Translators to Russian | Translators from Italian | Translators from Bengali | Russian victims of Soviet repressions | Ukrainian poets | Russians of Ukrainian descent | Ukrainian women writers | Eastern Orthodox Christians from Ukraine | Ukrainian Orthodox Christians | Ukrainian victims of Soviet repressionsHidden categories: Articles containing Russian language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009

iAutoblog the premier autoblogger software

Dancehall Sound Systems Bios Part 2

DJ14K's Tapes R Us continues to bring you, the sound system fan, info on some foundation sounds from way back. Some of the happening sounds may still be performing today, but we should never forget them as they are responsible for growing the Reggae vibe world wide.

Here listed are sound systems starting with the letter B. See if you remember some of these sound systems.

Baron Turbo Charged was a sound hailing from the city of Hulme England. The sound started with dances around 1974 with Barzy and Wizzy Dan. They did some small dances through out there career but remained a fixture at the Moss Side Youth club inna UK. They seemed to faze out in the early 90's though.
Black Harmony sound system was a roots sound that played out dances in the 1970's. Its main DJ was Jah Stitch who can be found on many 7" singles from the same time period. This particular sound is NOT to be confused of the one outta the UK from the 1980's.

Black Scorpio is the child of the owner and record label of the same name Jack Scorpio. It started in Kingston and continues to show and prove from time to time in the Dancehall areans. Some of the DJ's who would perform on Black Scorpio are Yellowman, Sassafrass, Barrington Levy, General Trees, Bounty Killer, Johnny Osbourne, and many more.

Black Star formed inna Kingston 6 and ran for about 10 years starting in 1979. Owner, Smokey Don would feature regular DJ's on the set like Brigadier Jerry & Tiger.

So much can be said for Dancehall sound systems and what they advance to the Reggae music world. With out them so many of us would not know some of the artist noticed. They make it possible for us to hear the latest music and find out what's going on in a different part of the world.

It is our obedience to make sure we still support any sound system that promotes love & unity and spreads the word of Reggae music anywhere!

















iAutoblog the premier autoblogger software

Valentine Gifts For Women

It seems gifts for her on this special occasion will really help speak out the true love. We have brought you great ideas and definite things that will speak your words of love on this special day of valentine. Whether it is time love or an old gold love our featured gifts and ideas will make your day and your woman will be pleased of you.

For many people, Valentine's Day is a day they both look forward to and dread. Many people spend weeks and months worrying about buying the perfect Valentine's Day Gift. However, there are many Valentine's Day gifts that are both special, but also relatively simple.

1. Bunch of beautiful roses is a traditional way to say 'I love you'. Scent of roses makes your all past dissolved and it is a lovely gift for a woman to make her feel she is some one really loved.

2. Make your woman pleased by jewels; woman love to wear ornaments and a heart shaped pendant is worth. Nothing counts more than a gift of he art shaped pendant. A variety of metals are available at reasonable prices.
3. Woman love to have sweet, so on valentine don't forget to give her box of chocolates, that will make her mind sooth of your love. When selecting chocolates, the dark ones are really great!

4. This idea is for an old couple, when you know woman's choice, you can go for a stunning perfume that will make her pleased.

5. Music helps you get more indulged in the love on this special day, of you woman freak she will love to have Apple ipod by which she will every time play the song that reminds her of you.

6. Gold is great, women love to wear and gold and gift of gold on valentine is a proven symbol of love. A bracelet or gold earrings are good choice in the range of gold ornaments.

7. Sexy and soft lingerie is also a preferable choice for your woman on valentine occasion. See of you can get branded lingerie of perfect color.

8. The last but not the least featured gift is a diamond ring, the real way to mak e a promise of love forever. Diamond ring is always valued for being a love symbol. You can get designs of your own choice at the diamond shop.

Valentine's Day gifts do not have to be sentimental, so long as they are thoughtful. For the adventurous type, an experience gift could be just as special a Valentine's Day Gift as something romantic. If your partner is into rock climbing, a climbing weekend together will both give you the chance to spend some time together, and also be a thoughtful Valentine's Day gift.

All these ideas and gifts are considered from long time and are evergreen. You can think of gifting one or more things on these special occasions but these are featured gifts that have its own value and have no matter with quantity. Valentine gifts for her are important, and more important is to know your woman's choice.

iAutoblog the premier autoblogger software

Inna Zobova Horoscope

Introduction of Inna Zobova

Inna Zobova was born on June 28,1976 in Khimki (Russia).She is a Russian model, actress, and former beauty pageant titleholder. She was crowned the Miss Russia 1994.She has appeared in advertisements for Herms, Bergdorf Goodman, Bloomingdales, Penny Black, Roberto Cavalli, Dana Buchman, Armani, Christian Dior, Comma, Laurel, M&F Girbaud, La City, L'Oral, Guerlain, Marella, Malizia, Lancaster, Burberry, Lancme, Zappa, Nivea, Galeries Lafayette, and Piper Heidsieck, and has worked with photographers like Michael Thompson, Raymond Depardon, Eric Traor, Ellen von Unwerth, Mario Testino, Satoshi Saikusa, Paolo Roversi, Steve Hiett, Vincent Peters, Franois Nars, Raymond Meier, Luis Sanchez, Marc Hispard, Thomas Shenk, and Michael Sanders.

Horoscope of Inna Zobova

According to Horoscope,Inna Zobova is a brave person by nature, meaning thereby that Inna Zobova is bold and risk taking. Inna Zobova is in the habit of telling lies according to her convenience. Inna Zobova is fond of music and like it very much. Inna Zobova has a flexible personality, Inna Zobova can adjust in any environment whether good or ordinary. Inna Zobova is kind and of helping nature. It happens rarely that Inna Zobova refuses such a help even if Inna Zobova does not know the person. Inna Zobova tries to help everyone whether known or unknown even if Inna Zobova has a little discomfort.

Astrology of Inna Zobova

The reason behind this was that events in the human life were affected by the changes in the positions of the planets and other celestial bodies which were central to the field of astronomy. Later on, the two subjects distinguished themselves, astronomy out of which solely constituted the study of astronomical objects without any mention of influences they have on humans. Astrology has dual purpose. One purpose of it that it acts a method to select the correct month, the correct date and the correct time to begin a prosperous event so that one gets the desired result out of it. The other purpose of it is to utilise it to study the fate of a human being.

Inna Zobova's Match Making

Inna Zobova's Match Making is done to ensure a harmonious, well balanced and successful married relationship.Horoscope Matching or Kundli Milan, as it is called in India is a novel and unequalled method of ascertaining compatibility of a man and a woman and to see if they are suitable for each other to be tied in matrimony. Match making is done to ensure a harmonious, well balanced and successful married relationship. It is this reason why Indian marriages were so long lasting and successful over the years. In recent past, the percentage of successful marriage relationships had fallen significantly. This was because of the growth of love marriages in which the mutual compatibility & gun milan was often ignored.

iAutoblog the premier autoblogger software

Jamaican D.J or Dance Hall Music

D.J is an acronym for Disc jockey. Over time, this acronym came to represent a musical style derived from reggae music. This form of music involves lyrics chanted over a beat. A synopsis of the evolution of Dub music should shed some light on the nature and structure of D.J or Dance Hall music. Dub is derived from the Version, "B'' or flip side of vinyl polymer reggae recordings. The versions had only the instrumental accompaniment of a song. Dub was not a musical arrangement but was formed from studio techniques, which entails the engineers extending the bass and drum patterns making it the main body of the "B" side replacing the vocalist as the center of attention.

Deejays such as Papa Michigan and General Smiley first used the dub section of vinyl polymer records altered by the various studio engineers to chant their lyrics over. This act of chanting is referred to as "Deejaying inna rubba dub style". As time progressed the Deejays laid their own rhythmic patterns to chant over. It was at this point that Deejays acquired the capital letters D.J that represented the newly formed form of music. Later on the term Dance Hall music was also used to represent, and used interchangeable to mean the same musical form.

Features of DJ or Dance Hall music

The lyrics used in the performance of D.J or Dance Hall music are usually of a social, political, economic, and sometimes humorous nature. During the 1990's the lyrical content of many Dance Hall songs took on a sexually explicit overtone or what some people refer to as "Slackness". In addition, they also refer to issues such as apartheid in South Africa and black history. For example Brigadier Jerry- Free Mandela and Ernest Wilson & Briggy - Them Free Mandela Others compose lyrics that exploit female.

On the other hand, performers also used Jamaican proverbs, melodies of Jamaican and Caribbean folks tunes, nursery rhymes used in children's gam es and wise Jamaican sayings for example," A Nu everyting yu du, yu fe mek pickni see''. (Interpretation: It is not wise to allow children to see all that an adult does). They also used the lyrics of American Rhythm and blues, Ballad or pop music and chant these over an accompanying reggae rhythm. For example, Ninja and Tingas remake of the song I believe the children are the future by Whitney Houston.

The use of the voice

Starting from the days of the plantations, repetition has been a main feature of Jamaica's popular music. This element is also one of the main characteristics of D.J or Dance Hall music. The repetitions are usually of single word or phrases. These phrases are repeated at different points throughout the performance and may constitute a chorus. D.J style is considered "half- talk- half sing". The speech pattern is quite rhythmic with syncopation as another feature. Look at the following example which is normally repeated a number of times in the song.

All an / pull up selector now / come down entertainer/ all an pull up selector now/ Come

Down entertainer.

Most times, "nonsense" words are used to fill in when there is a break in the instrumental accompaniment. Other times, high pitch "siren" sounds focusing in the nasal region or low pitches that are sounded in the throat are utilised. Another use of the voice within this musical form is the sliding effect that can be heard in some D.J pieces. These sliding sounds can also be used as" fill-in", also, rhyming of words has also become a feature of D.J music. However this is not unique to D.J but also appears in other folk forms in Jamaica and the Caribbean. The overall style of speaking in D.J or Dance Hall music is a mixture of English and Jamaican Creole.

Vocal Intervals

Ettu is a Jamaican folk form that originated in the parish of Hanover. It is a socio- religious form, where the presence of the ancestral spirit is invited to ensure the success of everyday undertaking. This is done through a ceremony called a "play". The intervals between notes of the songs used in the play are quite close to the tonal center. This type of closeness of pitches to the tonal center is also evident in D.J music. In D.J, there is a tonal center chosen by the performer which often see ms to have no relationship melodically with the accompaniment. The range of pitches used in the Ettu play may not surpass a major 2nd, a major 3rd or a minor 3rd above or below the tonal center.

The question could then be asked, are there filterage or hereditary factors that cause two forms of two different periods to have approximately the same sort of intervallic relationship? One thing that is outstanding is the similarities they do have. The voice is used mainly as a melodic instrument, especially when the performers "redo" American Popular music over a selected reggae rhythmic accompaniment. This kind of integration takes the listeners ears some time to get accustomed to, especially when a chord or melodic line introduced within the accompaniment has no direct link harmonically with the performers tonal center. Rhythm plays a very important part in D.J music and especially in the way the instruments are used.

Instrumentation

D.J music involves the u se of the following instruments: drum set, drum machine, piano, synthesizer, bass and rhythm guitar and now computer software. Sometime sound effects are introduced in D.J pieces. These special effects are normally used during a break in the vocal line. The sounds of bongos and hand claps, and cowbells are sometimes heard; these are produced by electronic means i.e. synthesizer or computer software which have these sound programmed in their memory bank.

In a live performance, either all these instruments are employed or combinations. These instruments are also utilized when a band is laying tracks to accompany the Deejays. The use of these instruments will depend on the creativity and inventiveness of the engineer involved in the production, the wishes of the performer or the leader of the band. Most dancehall music displays a characteristic use of Instruments which retain some of the rhythmic features associated with traditional reggae music.

Reference

A Study of the Evolution of Jamaica Popular Music, Jamaica School of Music (1986) Music of the Americas lecture notes

Jahn, B., & Weber, T. (1992). Reggae Island, Jamaican Music in the Digital Age, Jamaica, Kingston Publishers Limited

Obrien, K, & Chen, W. (1998). Reggae Routes: the story of Jamaican Music Jamaica; Ian Randle

iAutoblog the premier autoblogger software

Learn to Recognize the Real Kim Kardashian Now

Kimberly Noel Kardashian, recognized all around the world as Kim Kardashian, is a socialite, celebutante, actress, and model. She is the second baby of Robert Kardashian, identified for being O.J. Simpson's protection lawyer, and Kris Houghton. She has two sisters, Kourtney and Khloe, and one brother, Robert. When her mother remarried, this time to Olympic Gold medallist Bruce Jenner, their brood extended to ten, as she acquired 4 step-siblings, together with reality TV superstar Brody Jenner, and half-sisters in Kendall and Kylie. Their family grew to become known throughout the world by means of the show Keeping Up with the Kardashians.
It was in that TV present that they turned catapulted underneath the general public eye. The Kardashians the their unique attractiveness from their father's side of the family, who's Armenian. Their paternal great-grandparents immigrated to LA just earlier than the Armenian genocide.
Kim Kardashian married music producer Damon Thom as in 2000. Nevertheless, they divorced in 2004. She has since been linked to Ray J, Reggie Bush, Miles Austin, and Gabriel Aubry.
Whereas Kim Kardashian has been lambasted for being a trust-fund child along with her siblings, she has really worked to discern to the place she was now. She is knowledgeable trend stylist and closet reorganizer. She has additionally entered the world on retail, co-owning D-A-S-H, a clothing boutique, along with her sisters. The three of them have also come up with jewellery and clothing lines for different stores, in addition to a sunless tanner referred to as the "Kardashian Glamour Tan". Kim Kardashian also has her very personal perfume line, which carries the identical identify as hers, in addition to a web based shoe store.
Kim Kardashian has made appearances outside of Holding Up with the Kardashians as well. She was featured in several magazines. She grew to become a visitor star in various fashionable TV reveals, similar to Ho w I Met Your Mom, Americas Next Prime Model, and Brothers. She even appeared in a movie, emerging in Catastrophe Movie, a comedy that parodies several other films. Kim Kardashian is known for her philanthropic work as well. She is a Dream Basis Ambassador. She can be a part of Cyndi Lauper's "Give Her a Rattling campaign", which supports the LGBT communities. Just lately, she additionally participated in the "Hold a Life" marketing campaign, the place she pledged her digital loss of life, together with different celebrities, to raise cash for South African youngsters who were orphaned due to AIDS.
Learn to Understand the Actual Kim Kardashian Now
to Know the Real Kim Kardashian
Kimberly Noel Kardashian, known all around the world as Kim Kardashian, is a socialite, celebutante, actress, and model. She is the second little one of Robert Kardashian, recognized for being O.J. Simpson's defense lawyer, and Kris Houghton. She has sisters, Kourtney and Khloe, and one brother, Robert. When her mother remarried, this time to Olympic Gold medallist Bruce Jenner, their brood extended to 10, as she acquired four step-siblings, toget her with reality TV movie star Brody Jenner, and half-sisters in Kendall and Kylie. Their family grew to become identified all through the world through the present Preserving Up with the Kardashians.
It was in that TV present that they became catapulted beneath the public eye. The Kardashians identify their unique good looks from their father's side of the family, who is Armenian. Their paternal nice-grandparents immigrated to LA simply before the Armenian genocide.
Kim Kardashian married music producer Damon Thomas in 2000. Nevertheless, they divorced in 2004. She has since been linked to Ray J, Reggie Bush, Miles Austin, and Gabriel Aubry.
While Kim Kardashian has been lambasted for being a trust-fund child alongside together with her siblings, she has actually labored to
to the place she was now. She is a professional vogue stylist and closet reorganizer. She has additionally entered the world on retail, co-owning D-A-S-H, a clothing boutique, along with her sisters. The three of them have additionally come up with jewellery and clothing traces for other shops, as well as a sunless tanner referred to as the "Kardashian Glamour Tan". Kim Kardashian also has her very personal perfume line, which carries the same title as hers, as well as a web-based shoe store.
Kim Kardashian has made appearances outside of Keeping Up with the Kardashians as well. She was featured in a number of magazines. She grew to become a guest star in numerous widespread TV shows, reminiscent of How I Met Your Mother, Americas Subsequent Top Model, and Brothers. She even appeared in a movie, emerging in Catastrophe Movie, a comedy that parodies several different films.
Kim Kardashian is known for her philanthropic work as well. She is a Dream Basis Ambassador. She can also be a part of Cyndi Lauper's "Give Her a Rattling campaign", which supports the LGBT communities. Just lately, she additionally participated within the "Keep a Life" ma rketing campaign, where she pledged her digital dying, along with other celebrities, to lift cash for South African kids who have been orphaned because of AIDS.
Keenan C. Bubb



iAutoblog the premier autoblogger software